![]() One such microbe is the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, an important hospital-associated bacterial pathogen. The success of a pathogen partly resides in its capacity to survive and fight against these host defenses, which enable bacteria to colonize diverse organs and cause different types of infections. When infecting a host, pathogenic bacteria must cope with a hostile environment, mostly caused by the accumulation of immune cells to the infection site, which are programmed to attack and eliminate the invading microbes. Living organisms must be able to adapt their physiology to changing conditions. aureus with additional nutritional and metabolic possibilities, allowing it to proliferate during infection. Natural competence foster genetic variability and provides S. A competent-defective mutant showed no such increase in glycolysis, which negatively affects its survival in both mouse and Galleria infection models. ![]() The induction of natural competence increases the rate of glycolysis in bacteria that are unable to respire via upregulation of DNA- and glucose-uptake systems. Since fermentation is energetically less efficient than respiration, the energy supply must be assured by increasing the glycolytic flux. ![]() Bacteria cope with reduced respiration by obtaining energy through fermentation instead. Here we show that competence induction in the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus occurs in response to ROS and host defenses that compromise bacterial respiration during infection. A central question concerning natural competence is why orthologs of competence genes are conserved in non-competent bacterial species, suggesting they have a role other than in transformation.
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